在現(xiàn)代建筑領(lǐng)域，輕型鋼結(jié)構(gòu)憑借自重輕、施工快的優(yōu)勢(shì)備受青睞，但鋼材天生怕銹的 “弱點(diǎn)”，卻讓它在風(fēng)吹日曬、雨雪侵蝕中面臨挑戰(zhàn)。從原料預(yù)處理到后期維護(hù)，一套系統(tǒng)的防腐蝕處理，就像為鋼結(jié)構(gòu)穿上堅(jiān)固的 “鎧甲”，守護(hù)其長(zhǎng)久穩(wěn)固。

　　In the field of modern architecture, lightweight steel structures are highly favored due to their advantages of light weight and fast construction. However, the inherent weakness of steel, which is afraid of rust, poses challenges to it in the face of wind, sun, rain, and snow erosion. From raw material pretreatment to post maintenance, a systematic anti-corrosion treatment is like putting a strong "armor" on a steel structure to protect its long-term stability.

　　一、表面預(yù)處理：打好防腐蝕的 “地基”

　　1、 Surface pretreatment: laying a solid foundation for corrosion prevention

　　防腐蝕效果的好壞，表面處理是關(guān)鍵第一步。鋼材表面的鐵銹、氧化皮、油污等雜質(zhì)，會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響防腐涂層的附著力，因此必須徹底清除。常用的處理方法有噴砂、拋丸和酸洗。噴砂與拋丸通過高速噴射砂?；蜾撏瑁瑱C(jī)械打磨鋼材表面，能有效去除銹跡和雜質(zhì)，同時(shí)形成粗糙的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)，增加涂層與鋼材的接觸面積；酸洗則利用化學(xué)溶液溶解鐵銹，但處理后需及時(shí)中和、清洗并干燥，避免殘留酸液腐蝕鋼材。無論哪種方法，處理后的鋼材表面清潔度需達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，且需在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行后續(xù)防腐涂裝，防止二次生銹。

　　The quality of anti-corrosion effect depends on surface treatment, which is the key first step. The impurities such as rust, oxide scale, and oil stains on the surface of steel can seriously affect the adhesion of anti-corrosion coatings, so they must be thoroughly removed. The commonly used processing methods include sandblasting, shot blasting, and acid washing. Sandblasting and shot blasting use high-speed spraying of sand or steel balls to mechanically polish the surface of steel, effectively removing rust and impurities, while forming a rough microstructure and increasing the contact area between the coating and the steel; Acid washing uses chemical solutions to dissolve rust, but after treatment, it needs to be neutralized, cleaned, and dried in a timely manner to avoid residual acid from corroding the steel. Regardless of the method, the cleanliness of the treated steel surface must meet the standard, and subsequent anti-corrosion coating must be carried out within the specified time to prevent secondary rusting.

　　二、涂裝防護(hù)：構(gòu)筑多層 “防御屏障”

　　2、 Coating protection: Building multi-layer "defense barriers"

　　涂裝是輕型鋼結(jié)構(gòu)防腐蝕的核心手段，一般采用底漆、中間漆、面漆的多層體系。底漆直接與鋼材接觸，起到防銹和增強(qiáng)附著力的作用。富鋅底漆是常見選擇，其含有的鋅粉能在鋼材表面形成電化學(xué)保護(hù)，即使涂層局部破損，鋅也會(huì)優(yōu)先腐蝕，保護(hù)鋼材本體。底漆噴涂時(shí)需控制厚度，通常在 60 - 80 微米，確保均勻覆蓋。中間漆用于增加涂層厚度，提高防腐性能和機(jī)械強(qiáng)度，常見的環(huán)氧云鐵中間漆能有效阻擋水汽和腐蝕介質(zhì)滲透，厚度一般在 80 - 100 微米。面漆則主要起裝飾和抗老化作用，丙烯酸面漆、聚氨酯面漆具有良好的耐候性，能抵御紫外線、酸雨侵蝕，顏色持久不褪色，面漆厚度約 40 - 60 微米。三層涂層相互配合，總厚度控制在 200 - 300 微米左右，形成致密的防護(hù)層。

　　Coating is the core method for anti-corrosion of lightweight steel structures, generally using a multi-layer system of primer, intermediate paint, and topcoat. The primer comes into direct contact with the steel, playing a role in rust prevention and enhancing adhesion. Zinc rich primer is a common choice, which contains zinc powder that can form electrochemical protection on the surface of steel. Even if the coating is locally damaged, zinc will preferentially corrode, protecting the steel body. When spraying primer, the thickness should be controlled, usually between 60-80 microns, to ensure uniform coverage. Intermediate paint is used to increase coating thickness, improve anti-corrosion performance and mechanical strength. Common epoxy cloud iron intermediate paint can effectively block the penetration of water vapor and corrosive media, with a thickness generally between 80-100 microns. The finish paint mainly plays the role of decoration and anti-aging. The acrylic acid finish paint and polyurethane finish paint have good weather resistance, can resist the attack of ultraviolet ray and acid rain, and the color is durable. The thickness of the finish paint is about 40-60 microns. The three layers of coating complement each other, with a total thickness controlled at around 200-300 microns, forming a dense protective layer.

　　三、特殊環(huán)境 “加強(qiáng)防御”：因地制宜的防護(hù)策略

　　3、 Strengthening Defense in Special Environments: Tailored Protective Strategies

　　不同使用環(huán)境對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的腐蝕程度不同，需針對(duì)性加強(qiáng)防護(hù)。在沿海地區(qū)，高鹽霧環(huán)境加速鋼材腐蝕，除了選擇耐鹽霧性能優(yōu)異的涂料，還可增加涂層厚度或采用特殊防腐體系，如氟碳涂層，其超強(qiáng)的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性和抗紫外線能力，能顯著延長(zhǎng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)壽命。工業(yè)廠區(qū)附近，若存在酸堿等腐蝕性氣體，需選用耐化學(xué)腐蝕的涂料，并對(duì)焊縫、螺栓連接等薄弱部位重點(diǎn)處理，可使用彈性較好的密封膠填充縫隙，防止腐蝕介質(zhì)滲入。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)期處于潮濕環(huán)境的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，如地下停車場(chǎng)、冷庫，需注重涂層的防潮性能，可采用無溶劑型涂料，避免因水汽導(dǎo)致涂層起泡、剝落。

　　Different usage environments have varying degrees of corrosion on steel structures, and targeted protection measures need to be strengthened. In coastal areas, high salt spray environments accelerate steel corrosion. In addition to choosing coatings with excellent salt spray resistance, coating thickness can also be increased or special anti-corrosion systems such as fluorocarbon coatings can be used. Their super strong chemical stability and UV resistance can significantly extend the service life of steel structures. In the vicinity of industrial plants, if there are corrosive gases such as acid and alkali, chemical resistant coatings should be used, and weak parts such as welds and bolt connections should be treated with priority. Elastic sealant can be used to fill the gaps to prevent the infiltration of corrosive media. For steel structures that have been in a humid environment for a long time, such as underground parking lots and cold storage facilities, attention should be paid to the moisture-proof performance of the coating. Solvent free coatings can be used to avoid coating bubbles and peeling caused by water vapor.

　　四、后期維護(hù)：定期 “體檢” 保長(zhǎng)效

　　4、 Post maintenance: Regular "health check ups" to ensure long-term effectiveness

　　防腐蝕處理并非一勞永逸，后期維護(hù)是延長(zhǎng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)壽命的關(guān)鍵。每隔 1 - 2 年，需對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行全面檢查，重點(diǎn)觀察涂層是否出現(xiàn)剝落、粉化、生銹等現(xiàn)象。輕微破損處，可打磨表面后補(bǔ)涂同類型涂料；若銹蝕面積較大，需鏟除原有涂層，重新進(jìn)行表面處理和涂裝。此外，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的連接部位，如螺栓、鉚釘，容易因震動(dòng)、受力產(chǎn)生縫隙，需定期檢查并涂抹防銹油脂。在極端天氣（暴雨、暴雪、高溫暴曬）過后，也應(yīng)及時(shí)檢查，對(duì)受損部位進(jìn)行修復(fù)，確保防腐體系始終發(fā)揮作用。

　　Anti corrosion treatment is not a one-time solution, and later maintenance is the key to extending the service life of steel structures. Every 1-2 years, a comprehensive inspection of the steel structure is required, with a focus on observing whether the coating has peeled off, powdered, rusted, and other phenomena. Minor damage can be repaired by polishing the surface and applying the same type of coating; If the rust area is large, the original coating needs to be removed, and surface treatment and painting should be carried out again. In addition, the connection parts of steel structures, such as bolts and rivets, are prone to gaps due to vibration and stress, and need to be regularly inspected and coated with anti rust grease. After extreme weather (rainstorm, snowstorm, high temperature exposure), timely inspection should also be carried out to repair the damaged parts to ensure that the anti-corrosion system always works.

　　五、新興技術(shù)助力：為防腐蝕 “升級(jí)裝備”

　　5、 Emerging technology assistance: upgrading equipment for corrosion prevention

　　隨著材料技術(shù)發(fā)展，一些新興防腐蝕技術(shù)也為輕型鋼結(jié)構(gòu)提供了新選擇。例如，納米涂層技術(shù)通過在涂料中添加納米級(jí)材料，提升涂層的致密性和抗?jié)B透性；熱噴涂金屬涂層（如噴鋁、噴鋅）能形成與鋼材結(jié)合緊密的金屬防護(hù)層，防腐性能優(yōu)異。此外，智能防腐監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)可實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的腐蝕情況，通過傳感器收集數(shù)據(jù)，及時(shí)預(yù)警潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，幫助運(yùn)維人員精準(zhǔn)維護(hù)，讓防腐蝕工作更高效、科學(xué)。

　　With the development of material technology, some emerging anti-corrosion technologies have also provided new choices for lightweight steel structures. For example, nanocoating technology enhances the density and impermeability of coatings by adding nanoscale materials to them; Thermal spray metal coatings (such as aluminum spray and zinc spray) can form a metal protective layer that is tightly bonded to steel, with excellent anti-corrosion performance. In addition, the intelligent anti-corrosion monitoring system can monitor the corrosion situation of steel structures in real time, collect data through sensors, timely warn potential risks, help operation and maintenance personnel maintain accurately, and make anti-corrosion work more efficient and scientific.

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